* Posts by rcxb

807 publicly visible posts • joined 22 Aug 2018

How do you boost server efficiency? Buy new kit, keep it busy

rcxb Silver badge

Purchase price vs Power usage

Servers are expensive... around the price of an automobile. Their power consumption is relatively moderate these days. The purchase price of the server can far outstrip the cost of electricity to operate it, particularly if you can choose to locate your data centre somewhere with inexpensive electricity and moderate cooling needs.

Dell estimates 3MWH/yr on a heavy workload for their fully kitted-out R740 servers:

* https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/content/dam/digitalassets/active/en/unauth/data-sheets/products/servers/Full_LCA_Dell_R740.pdf

Even using the UK average of £0.28 per kWh, that would be just £840/yr. At 5 years, that's £4200. You'll find that a fully populated new server costs considerably more than that, and that's not even accounting for the much lower electrical rate Microsoft pays. Locating close to cheap electricity is a trick Aluminum smelters have been doing for decades. A newer server likely won’t cut your power usage in half or double your performance, so it will take quite a while to show a return on the investment. And if your server isn’t under such a heavy workload, the power consumption will be quite a bit lower and the payback period much longer.

And don't chime-in about cooling. Data centres don't need the cryogenic temperatures they once did. 30C/85F is a common operating temperature for server these days.

Facebook's data centre tour is a good explanation of the technologies going into data centres these days:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZUX3n2yAzY

SSD missing from SAP datacenter turns up on eBay, sparking security investigation

rcxb Silver badge

Except that's not *quite* what they said...

"we currently have no evidence suggesting that confidential customer data or PII has been taken from the company via these disks or otherwise"

This may well fall into the burying ones head in the sand category, or the proper business accountability rule: "Just stick your finger in your ear and go ting-a-ling-a-loo."

FCC questions ISPs' selective memory about data caps

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Data has a cost

Data has a cost. What we pay for is burst speeds.

Quite the opposite. Large ISPs are Tier-1 or Tier-2 providers. They do NOT pay for data transfer at all. Instead they have zero-cost peering with a lot of other networks. Maintaining burst speeds during peak usage hours is in fact the expensive part, as that's where they may decide they need to upgrade their equipment, but once they have the peak capacity sorted out, it's nearly zero cost to operate as much data as you want to send through it. And that's not just theory, there are public filings from the large ISPs where they put it on the record that removing data usage caps will have negligible costs to their network operations, and they promote the data cap fees as pure profit.

You probably have a home network. How much more does it cost *you* when you're transferring large files between two systems on your network, versus when everything is idle?

If ISPs wanted to throttle their heaviest users during peak periods, I doubt anyone would mind. But they don't because that doesn't earn them any extra money.

rcxb Silver badge

Paygo

If there was a *need* for data caps, why wouldn't ISPs implement them like cellular providers? When you hit your cap, your internet speed just slows down. About 20 years ago, my first DOCSIS cable modem was set by the ISP to do more-or-less this. You can pay for faster speeds for the rest of the month if needed, but no surprise bills. And this cap MUST be prominent in all the advertising, of course.

Or perhaps ISPs want to offer a pay-as-you-go service for those who choose. Light users will have $2/month bills.

The combination of the two... you MUST sign-up for an all-you-can eat service, but if you eat more than we think you should we'll quietly penalize you, is completely abusive and indefensible.

Decision to hold women-in-cyber events in abortion-banning states sparks outcry

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Women in Jobs?

Why not telling women they should have babies and let their fathers stay home and care for them?

Well, there's bound to be a bit of difficulty with that whole pregnancy and breastfeeding part.

By all means, give it a go and keep us informed of your progress.

rcxb Silver badge

LGBTQ and abortion?

Tennessee Govenor Bill Lee signed two anti-LGBTQ+ bills into law: [...] The state also criminalized abortions

Strange, that.

You know who never needs abortions? Lesbians and gays...

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Freedom of Religion

True Freedom of Religion includes the right to believe absolutely nothing beyond that which is provable by empirical observation.

I can assure you, many Americans don't believe in empirical observation either.

Freedom+++

Florida man insists he didn't violate the law by keeping Top Secret docs

rcxb Silver badge

Re: I can finally admit something

Ah, yes, the good old days, back when the First Lady had killed her "very close friend." And not to be outdone, the VP shot his buddy in the face.

rcxb Silver badge

Re: I can finally admit something

Here's a very good analysis of just how different Joe and Don's infractions are, and what very deep in trouble the later is in:

https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/trump-faces-difficult-odds-classified-documents-case-2023-06-13/

rcxb Silver badge

Re: I can finally admit something

That said, in a two-party system it doesn't really matter how far off the rails one goes, it still has a decent chance of winning.

Not at all. Trump's party is so out of touch and losing on demographics (their voters are dying off) it took embracing every extremist group out there, promoting a bunch of crazy conspiracy theories, an absolutely terrible opponent who didn't bother campaigning in many important areas, and a poorly timed FBI announcement, to let him just squeeze into a win. Trump's celebrity and the insanity he spewed managed to buy the crazy party 4 more years of relevance on the national stage.

But that's over now. Too many Trump supporters aged out and died off. It's going to be extraordinarily rare for a right-wing presidential candidate to get elected in the US going forward.

A toast to being in the right place at the right time

rcxb Silver badge

Re: He's toast

That was the big problem in our office. The break room was at one end of a large building. Every time someone made popcorn, Facilities would get a dozen calls about smoke... attributed to all kinds of random electrical panels, air conditioners, elevators, forklifts, recently arrived pallets of merchandise, or section of conveyor in the warehouse. IT got pulled in less often, but there were always a few people convinced their computers were smoking. Even those who knew somebody burned popcorn would be adamant that they were reporting an entirely different burning smell...

HCL proves Lotus Notes will never die by showing off beta of lucky Domino 14.0

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Domino admins get a web-based management client

The web admin interface (webadmin.nsf) was still there and fully documented in version 11.0.1:

https://web.archive.org/web/20220127062108/https://help.hcltechsw.com/domino/11.0.0/admn_thewebadministrator_c.html

https://help.hcltechsw.com/domino/11.0.1/admin/admn_thedominoadministrator_c.html

Just quietly disappeared with no mention at all in 12.0.1:

https://help.hcltechsw.com/domino/12.0.0/admin/admn_thedominoadministrator_c.html

That said, the webadmin still operated under 12.x (if you already had it) but not quite everything worked after upgrading. You ended up getting saddled with the 2GB Notes client installer that has the admin software somewhere in it.

Will Flatpak and Snap replace desktop Linux native apps?

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Performance isn't free...

That used to mean running each one on a separate machine, which was expensive and wasted resources, because those machines were idle most of the time.

No, most often it meant running each one under a separate user account on a machine.

Of course a few apps which needed root access throughout wouldn't run that way. But usually just a change in port or changing permissions on files or devices was adequate.

Red Hat to stop packaging LibreOffice for RHEL

rcxb Silver badge

Re: What about requirements for secure documents?

this was about RHEL, which ships pre-obsoleted versions of everything. If you want an up-to-date LibreOffice, installing it from RPMs is no big deal

The term is "stable" and it sure comes in handy when your version of RHEL is getting old in the tooth, upstream has completely dropped/broken support for running on your version of... everything.

For example... you need very, very old versions of TorBrowser (9.5.3, vs today's 11.5.8) to run on RHEL-7, yet the platform is still supported by RedHat for another year, yet. An even bigger deal back in the RHEL-5 days when Firefox switched from GTK2 to GTK3, completely abandoning a big bunch of customers, and RHEL had to backport Firefox to keep their users updated.

And this isn't just about RHEL, it's also about Fedora, which is certainly up-to-date and not at all obsolete. This is RedHat abandoning the desktop and trying to force everyone to accept a web-based / ChromeOS future, because it's less work for them. Now, maybe the desktop just isn't profitable enough to be worth the effort for them, but I hope this isn't another CentOS type miscalculation that's going to have see a flood of people fleeing from the RHEL ecosystem again.

Whistleblower claims Uncle Sam is sitting on hoard of alien vehicles and tech

rcxb Silver badge

Why? Because his claims sound so very credible right now? Did any such thing happen to Bob Lazar?

rcxb Silver badge

aliens exist, they have just never been here.

Sure they have... One of them mows my lawn every week.

Florida man (not that one) sold $100M-plus in counterfeit network gear

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"Kid, we found your name on an envelope at the bottom of a half a ton of garbage, and just wanted to know if you had any information about it."

"Yes, sir, Officer Obie, I cannot tell a lie, I put that envelope under that garbage."

M2 Ultra chip lands in 'cheese grater' Mac Pro to displace Apple's last Intel holdout

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Falling

Windows that propelled OSX and its supporting into the mainstream as a far better alternative. Apple could not have done a better job selling Macs, especially around 2006 when Windows Vista came along.

You are suggesting that a little speed-bump between two beloved Windows releases caused millions of people to switch to Macs? Unlikely.

When Vista came along, everybody just stayed on XP as it was still fully supported. After Vista flopped, Windows 7 came out and everybody upgraded.

XFS bug in Linux kernel 6.3.3 coincides with SGI code comeback

rcxb Silver badge

How many OSes did HP own?

SGI, as in The Company Formerly Known As Rackable, has been part of HP Enterprise since 2016.

I must have missed that news at the time. It's a knee-slapper though. Just how many OSes does HP own?

IRIX, HP-UX, Tru64 (Digital Unix, OSF/1), OpenVMS, NonStop, MPE/IX, Domain/OS, webOS, Palm OS. Not to mention QuickPlay and HyperSpace. Did I miss any?

Don't get me wrong, it's a tiny fraction as many as IBM has had their fingers in over the years:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#Operating_systems

First ever 64-bit version of Windows rediscovered … and a C compiler for it too

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Mine's still going strong -too

although browser absence makes it useless for anything from www.

The MyPal browser still supports XP, and KernelEx will allow running it on 2000:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ot6CyCwdomk

There was a significant community of people keeping 2000 running modern software.

Not sure where they've gone off to, now that the msfn boards are gone:

https://web.archive.org/web/20230327173706/https://msfn.org/board/forum/35-windows-20002003nt4/

Latest KernelEx updates:

https://web.archive.org/web/20230206092120/https://msfn.org/board/topic/173233-kernelex-2022-kex22-test-versions-422262/

https://web.archive.org/web/20230331131203/https://msfn.org/board/topic/173233-kernelex-2022-kex22-test-versions-422262/page/54/

Here's the rest of my misc Windows 2000 upgrade links in case anyone needs them:

https://www.techspot.com/community/topics/windows-2000-oldcigarettes-windows-2000-xp-api-wrapper-pack.167843/

http://blog.livedoor.jp/blackwingcat/archives/1299806.html

https://w.atwiki.jp/win2000/pages/17.html

Not involved in such myself. I'm perfectly happy running modern Linux with lightweight desktops. A former employer had several Windows 2000 server systems running long after EoL so I was often searching around for fixes to various issues and last supported versions of software. With that, I stumbled upon these community efforts, and kept track of them due to amazement at how difficult I saw they would be to locate for anyone actually looking for them. I do miss the old days, back when search engines like Google would actually find what you were looking for. Of course in the pre-google days, search results were much, much worse.

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Mine's still going strong

Came back to see how his progress was going, but pretty quiet here. Looks as though updates are being posted on Patreon.

* It'd always been a lifetime goal to get written about in the register And it just happened. I just wanted to share this with everyone! Thanks for enabling this to happen! May 19

* Naturally as soon as we hit the register the alpha died I was just about to start building neko98, and the Alpha suddenly shut off. Sometimes it'll power up, star the normal process even, then imm... May 22

* While waiting for capacitors to try to fix the Alpha, I thought I'd try to tackle something absolutely insane. Building a SNA network. May 26

* It’s alive!!! 2 days ago

Photo on the last one shows him using a 4-pin connector as suggested, and a normal ATX PSU:

https://i.ibb.co/JsQ9Z1B/neozeed-virtuallyfun-fixing-Alpha-PWS-thumbnail.jpg

So, was it swapping the PSU or replacing capacitors that did it? Perhaps it will merit a mention in a future blog post.

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Mine's still going strong

I think it is the PSU. Is there a way to reachout for some pictures of what you did with that ATX psu?

Photo:

https://i.ibb.co/t8nPMxB/Alpha-PWS-ATX-power.jpg

You only need to replicate the green jumper wire next to "ALPHA POWER".

I misremembered it as 6-pin, it's a 10-pin connector, but only the green jumper is essential.

A 4-pin ATX power connector cut off an old PSU fits nicely on the left side of that socket. You just short one of the black and one of the yellow wires together.

With that, and an ATX PSU hooked-up normally (20-pin connector), it should power on.

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Wait... What?!?!?!?

Windows 2000 for Alpha never got a production release.

"there was a build for the Alpha which was abandoned in the final stages of development (between RC1 and RC2[27]) after Compaq announced they had dropped support for Windows NT on Alpha."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000

"Build 5.00.2128.1 RC2 AXP is the last build available for the DEC Alpha CPU. "

https://winworldpc.com/product/windows-nt-2000/rc-2

There was a 444-day timebomb before they expired, but it wasn't very difficult to work-around... set your clock forward several years before installing, then turn it back, for example...

MIPS and PowerPC got mostly the same treatment by Microsoft, with Windows 2000 support being dropped even earlier.

rcxb Silver badge

Mine's still going strong

I've gotten a lot of mileage out of my DEC Personal Workstation. My first foray into 64-bit and non-x86 platforms, I learned about compiling/porting software that helped a lot later on. For a couple decades I'd roll my eyes at people fawning over incredible new case designs from Apple and others, as my PWS from the 90's had 3 zones, variable speed fans, and a motherboard that slid-out toolless with just two levers to pull.

I recently decided it was time to upgrade the old girl. The installed 256MB of RAM was unable to compile some software (on OpenBSD), and the only remaining Linux distro for Alpha (Gentoo) needs more RAM just to boot-up. Unfortunately I waited too long and 8-chip PC100 RAM has become rare enough that it wasn't dirt cheap, but it worked, and I should get good use out of my Alpha for many more years.

Other upgrades were more convenient.

All 80mm fans including the PSU fan were replaced with quieter new (also variable-speed) units

To ensure I'd be able to keep using the system in the event of a PSU failure, I tried powering it up with a stock ATX PSU. There's a special 6-pin connector in the original PSU, but the only bit needed was short the front two pins and the system boots and operates perfectly.

A spare 4-port USB 2.0 PCI card I was about to throw out worked perfectly in my Alpha, as well as did a USB Wi-Fi dongle, which is quite the strange thing to have on such a system. Unfortunately USB keyboards don't work in the SRM firmware, and a PS/2 keyboard must be plugged-in or the graphics is switched off and console switches over to the local console. Still good for mice and other peripherals.

I happened to find the thin (0.5") mini (no numpad) model of keyboard I prefer and use, had its chips originally designed in the transition days, so a PS2/USB converter plug commonly found on mice works nicely to make it work in the PS/2 port, and I've got several of them stockpiled as spares as they were quite cheap and each held up for more years than I expected.

Threw in a second NIC because again I had some PCI cards I would otherwise have thrown out.

Installed a PCI SATA controller as well. Got a 0.5TB drive running from the built-in IDE controller working fine, but was looking to ensure future compatibility. SRM won't boot off the SATA add-in card, but I can bootstrap from floppy, CD-ROM, network, or maybe a small IDE flash (CF?) drive then switch over to the SATA early in the boot process. Disk I/O really didn't improve, capped at 25MB/s probably due to the old 33MHz PCI bus. There are 64-bit PCI-X slots, but there was a hardware issue, so practically no cards are compatible.

Still got my QLogic SCSI card in there. The RaSCSI devices sound good, one SCSI device that serves as multiple virtual drives, Wi-Fi networking, and more, while being remotely reconfigurable is sure tempting, but it's all too ironic that the computer in the RaSCSI supporting it, is far more powerful than the one in the actual system. Reminds me of an IBM mainframe, which won't even boot-up without a Thinkpad Laptop "support element", an HMC computer, and even then, all storage is external as well...

Video is an old ATI r128 PCI card, rather than DEC's original TGA monster (which means no GUI with NetBSD). Lots of ATI cards worked on DEC Alpha, while none of the Nvidia PCI cards I tried would come up at all. Guess they just didn't care about openfirmware support.

Runs modern Linux / OpenBSD software just fine if you aren't in a great hurry... headless server with RS232 console, or hooked-up to a monitor via VGA which most still include. Connects up nicely over RS232 to my old QVT109 terminal I've been keeping as well. I don't have a big retro systems collection, just a few key devices that give a good idea of just how the computing world has evolved.

rcxb Silver badge

Re: NT4 64-bit on obsolete Alpha systems

It seems that the firmware necessary for boot would burn in and not accept updates. We had to tell the Alpha people that we could not fix hardware, that they were stuck unless they could replace the relevant parts. It's not always Microsoft that is at fault, they're just a convenient target because of their tendency to create faults.

AlphaBIOS was entirely Microsoft's own doing, and a lingering ulcer on the Alpha landscape. If they would have bootstrapped off of the normal SRM firmware like VAX, VMS, Linux, BSD, etc., they wouldn't have gotten their customers into that situation.

That old box of tech junk you should probably throw out saves a warehouse

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Hmmm

Afraid not. We had to keep shuffling around our old scan guns and (RS-232) label printers because we couldn't find parts or reasonably priced old stock, and the cost to replace the software talking to them was prohibitive.

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Hmmm

My fix for that is a 2-step removal process.

Clean anything you want out of the equipment room, but move it into the (locked) storage shed.

If nobody asks to get the stuff out of the storage shed for a month, it can be discarded.

FBI abused spy law but only like 280,000 times in a year

rcxb Silver badge

Re: How many for exPresidents

once a an abuse is detected, the abuser and the chain of command at least 2 levels up end up in jail.

This will only encourage them to design the system in such a way that it's IMPOSSIBLE to track usage, so abuse can never be detected.

Some potential: How bad software updates could over-volt, brick remote servers

rcxb Silver badge

Access to BMC

The new power management fault, or PMFault, can be carried out by a privileged software adversary who doesn't have access to Board Management Controller (BMC) login credentials.

Help me out here... A priv user typically has access to reset the BMC credentials to anything they want.

Autonomy founder Mike Lynch flown to US for HPE fraud trial

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Negligence

The USA is just a country of lawyers trying to sue everyone and everything.

A strange comment to make just AFTER *you* recommended starting another lawsuit.

Cloudflare opposes Europe's plan to make Big Tech help pay for networks

rcxb Silver badge

Nobody is getting a free ride

Service providers like Netflix pay for their side of the connection.

Netflix's customers pay for their side of the connection.

Nobody is getting a free ride. What's the problem?

Are ISPs really complaining that Netflix's business model makes more money than ours does, therefore they should pay us?

Just wait until road crews find out rich people drive on the roads they've constructed. They'll have toll booths setup right away, that only stop luxury cars of course.

Dump these insecure phone adapters because we're not fixing them, says Cisco

rcxb Silver badge
Holmes

There never were LaserDisc readers for computers because they're analog.

More likely, it's because LaserDiscs are larger than most computers, and never were very popular.

Inexpensive video capture cards have been available since at least the mid-90s. Tivo wasn't working with digital TV signals when it debuted.

You aren't likely to find D-VHS / D-Theatre readers for computers, despite them being digital.

But you can get cassette readers for computers.

Popularity matters.

AMD probes reports of deep fried Ryzen 7000 chips

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Stupid "Optimized defaults" nonsense.

Since the beginning of time, changing the memory clock/speed has affected the processor.

CPU speeds (MHz) have always been determined by bus speed x multiplier. Set by dip switches or jumpers on the motherboards, before becoming a menu option in your BIOS/CMOS/UEFI.

Why Microsoft is really abandoning evaporative coolers at its Phoenix DCs

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Phoenix

Nobody believes there's a city where the air temperature is high enough to boil water. It was a weak joke.

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Phoenix

Why do people act like that's hot? It's only human body temperature.

Don't tell me you are one of those weirdos that insists on wearing clothes for some reason.

Deplatforming hate forums doesn't work, British boffins warn

rcxb Silver badge

Re: If you feed the trolls ...

Conservatives have done so much worse:

https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/the-administration/335915-conservatives-forget-history-with-trump-effigy-outrage/

Intel pulls plug on server system design division

rcxb Silver badge

The end of Intel white box servers?

I've had more than my fair share of experience with white box Intel servers. Can't say I'll miss them... they were always so generic that you didn't know exactly what you were getting. Long random string for a model number. Knew you'd get a halfway decent model of every chip needed, but hard to be specific. No integration to speak of, just the plainest vanilla EVERYTHING.

I can hope that their demise will mean vendors will have to switch to re-branding to much better integrated system from well-known server makers, but there's also the real possibility they'll switch to even more lackluster products from completely generic white box server manufacturers who will throw completely random parts/chipsets in each one.

Techie called out to customer ASAP, then: Do nothing

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Sounds like the same contract people where working at last weeks on call

caused the company president to start crying because they were a very small, new, company and really needed the contract to stay in business.

That's certainly a shame, but it's also a shame he either didn't realize they weren't providing a valuable service or take steps to remedy that... before the end of the contract. Either retrain the nearby employee, or hire a new one in the area with the skills actually needed.

Bank rewrote ads for infosec jobs to stop scaring away women

rcxb Silver badge

Re: So they removed the impossible?

Sebastian Ramirez couldn't apply for a job that required 4+ years of experience in FastAPI, because he had only created it 1.5 years earlier:

https://www.reddit.com/r/antiwork/comments/t5hdoi/when_they_request_impossible_years_of_experience/

US bans good for Chinese chipmakers, and bad for us, says Taiwanese rival

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Memo to Taiwan

The entire situation between China and America over Taiwan is politically stupid on both sides, it would be such a good future if all three countries were to just say that the political views need to be dropped and all three countries should work together in the future - that would benefit everyone (except Putin).

China's views on Taiwan are much the same as Putin's views on Ukraine.

IT phone home: How to run up a $20K bill in two days and get away with it by blaming Cisco

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Actual EU benefit

I'm kind of partial to chicken without ratshit on it as a result of EU regulations

Oh? You prefer your ratshit on the side, then?

Vessels claiming to be Chinese warships are messing with passenger planes

rcxb Silver badge

A better solution

Qantas has advised its crew to continue their assigned path and report interference to the controlling air traffic control authority.

Perhaps a better solution would be keeping a drop bear paratrooper aboard every flight, ready to be released over the source of interference...

AWS wants to cook its datacenter chips with vegetable oil

rcxb Silver badge

Flow batteries

The sooner some single design/chemistry of flow battery pulls ahead of the competitors, the sooner generators can become a thing of the past. Higher efficiency than generators, quiet, and the fuel can be generated (or rather: recharged) at the nearest other similar flow battery site that has a stable supply of electrical power, so transported over much shorter distances.

Microsoft's Copilot AI to pervade the whole 365 suite

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There was an AI made of dust, whose poetry gained it man's trust...

Biden wants to claw back, flog off 1.5GHz of spectrum

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Re: They're owned but are they used?

everything's about money

Welcome to capitalism.

Datacenters still a boys' club, staffing shortages may change that

rcxb Silver badge

Snooker? I only just met her!

rcxb Silver badge

I disagree. I believe we should force women into male dominated positions to shore-up the numbers.

Software development, clergy, antenna tower climbing, farming, sanitation work, Alaskan crab fishermen, construction, firefighters, etc.

Kremlin claims Ukraine hackers behind fake missile strike alerts

rcxb Silver badge

Putin has had many years to effectively suppress all opposition leaders and media. And even with that, I believe the stats given by Nina Khrushcheva were that about 25% of Russians support Putin, 15% oppose Putin, and the rest just go along so as not to get thrown in prison and tortured.

Could RISC-V become a force in high performance computing?

rcxb Silver badge

Re: A mixed blessing?

Massive incompatible fragmentation outside of the core instruction set pretty much describes x86 vector support, and that doesn't seem to have hurt it any.

There are only two manufacturers of x86-64 processors. There is hardly any fragmentation. You can easily follow those feature changes from the two manufacturers.

You can't even imagine how things would look if there were hundreds of manufacturers, all doing things their own way, over the course of years. You would have no idea what you were getting. Just tracking those differences would be a massive effort.

Unix is dead. Long live Unix!

rcxb Silver badge

Re: Are you ok?

Unix was also pretty unique in that networking was included in the OS distribution for free

That was certainly NOT true for Xenix and OpenServer at least:

"You have Openserver Host installed, not Enterprise. Host only contains support for serial attached terminals. You have to upgrade to Enterprise [for TCP/IP]"

https://www.unix.com/unix-for-dummies-questions-and-answers/38558-sco-unix-tcp-ip-not-licensed-error.html

https://www.scosales.com/ta/kb/125299.html

"I've found a source for the "TCP/IP 1.2.0 Supplement" for SCO Xenix 386. However, I don't have the corresponding activation keys. "

https://groups.google.com/g/comp.unix.sco.misc/c/2Sfyp5bKyrY/m/3hs6oXiYph8J

I'd say you're pretty close on PC ethernet. Dial-up modems were the go-to through the `90s, only in the very late 90s did ethernet NICs start getting included/integrated. The iMac G3 in August 15, 1998 had one. Plenty of systems sold in the early 2000s still did not, requiring an add-in NIC card.