Re: Recycling
Er, the Saturn V used highly refined fuel oil + liquid O2 for the first stage. Basically high quality diesel/jet fuel.
If you limit yourself to fuels that are relatively easy/safe to handle/allow throttling/ then the hydrocarbons give you the most energy/volume. Very important when air resistance is a factor. It is only when one is out of the atmosphere that the energy/weight advantage of hydrogen comes into play.
The Mickey Mouse kludge of the space shuttle design was a political decision, not an engineering one. It has been argued that the primary purpose was to require the maximum manpower to operate in order to keep the knowledge base employed in the interim between Apollo and the proposed manned Mars missions.