Re: Transformers
I'm not sure how many transformers Ukraine have replaced, but I doubt it has directly caused the supply shortage (unless they were manufacturing them for export and can no longer do so)
No, it's more to do with existing ones having been commissioned in the 50s-70s and are well past End of Life, some of which are now exploding e.g. near Heathrow..
That, and increasing reliance on renewables with a low capacity factor...
Imagine a 1GW fixed load connected to a 1GW gas power station via a transmission line. You need 1GW of step-up transformers plus 1GW of step-down i.e. 2GW of "transformer".
Now imagine the same load powered by solar+storage. You'd a 3GW solar plant (because of its low utilisation during the night / clouds), so 3GW of transformers at the plant, plus 1GW at the load, and 2GW at the storage plant. So three times as much "transformer" required. You could save a lot by co-locating the solar and storage, but I've rarely seen that in practice.
Thirdly, there's the anti-pylon NIMBY bumpkin brigade who are lobbying a technically-ignorant government to put electricity transmission underground via cables, lest pylons spoil their million pound view. This requires "static VAR compensators" every 50km to correct the phase lag caused by the capacitance of the cable, and these are essentially one half of a supergrid transformer i.e. a bloody great inductor.