Re: STEM
Kind of both correct. It would seem the state is doing it's part theres enough grad's - it then up to industry to do its and provided the specific skills, expertise & experience.
I have found industry exceeding bad at providing the correct train, having worked as a contractor for many different business both large and small - theres a lot of talk but this does not translate into action on the ground.
During 2015/16 I was working for a major UK Telco, HR never asked what skills my team would need or what new technologies we where planning to use in 6, 12 or 18. I could have provided this information up front and they could have started the recruitment/training process. Instead they where only interested in using out sources who brought people in via the Tier 2 (General) visas, these people had the same skills set as our grads. It would have been cheaper and more productive for them to recruit grads straight from a number a universities and agreed with those uni's the skills set required.
It's not difficult to provide the expertise & experience it just requires the will of business.