Windows 3.1 required 286 instructions.
Windows for Workgroups, 95 and NT 3.x required 386 instructions.
Windows NT 4, 98, 98SE, ME, and 2000 required 486 instructions.
Windows XP required CMPXCHG8B.
Windows 7 required SSE2 since KB4088875.
Windows 8 required PAE, NX, and SSE2.
64-bit Windows 8.1 and 10 required CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW, and LAHF/SAHF.
Windows 11 required SSE4.1.
Windows 11 24H2 is definitely not the first to require a particular instruction set.