Re: USA
Yup. I'm in the US, had to have a lab test done, and the lab would not allow the test until they had an order from a doctor. (Which was sent several times, but lab had fax machine problems. Yes, fax.) When test was done, lab put in a claim to my insurance for $317, insurance said lab (by contract) was only allowed to charge $7.62. I got billed for $7.62. (Insurance company paid $0.)
Those aren't made-up numbers - that's straight out of my medical expense tracking spreadsheet. We also owe over $4000 on a hospital visit - that's what's left after our medical insurance paid its part. "Affordable Care", hmm?