"The only way around it is if the system held more than one habitable planet."
By those arguments that would only delay the extinction by some small amount. Earth's overall resources have only started to be consumed on an unsustainable basis in the last few centuries. Before that the extinctions were usually localised.
Unless we find a way to live within our environmental means - then we will be subject to the same population crash cycles that all over-breeding living things suffer.