If you want to prevent this..
The logic has to be in both the device being charged and in the charger. The device being charged needs to detect what voltage is being applied and either accept it if the proper telemetry is passed indicating what the charger is capable of, limit the current if not sure, or cut it off entirely if the voltage is too high, polarity is wrong, etc. Or regulate a wide range of applied voltages internally. Of course this would add size to the device, and a little more cost, but would be worth the extra safety and battery longevity IMHO.
The charger needs to have current limiting circuitry such that if a device is attempting to draw beyond its capacity to provide, it limits its output to specs or shuts down if a fault is detected, such as a direct short or an overtemp condition in the charger. Similar to what a good laptop charger will do and smart battery chargers have been doing for decades.
This situation is only going to get worse as batteries get bigger and devices get thirstier, while everyone seems to think a right-sized connector is apparently gauche and smaller is better. If this was the trend in home wiring, we'd all be plugging our waffle irons into receptacles the size of a hamster's anus by now.
Of course everyone that expects to get a high quality precision piece of electronics for $5 off ebay or Amazon is delusional. Fly-by-night companies in China, etc. will crank out the ill-designed, poorly built junk as fast as idiots can buy it, as long as there's a market for it.
Biting the hand that feeds IT
