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back to article Dev proves LLMs will run on anything – even a $10 microcontroller

Getting a small local language model running on a notebook or even smartphone in 2026 is trivial. But what about something even smaller and lower-power. Say, like an ESP32 microcontroller that costs less than $10? It might sound impossible — the device is primarily designed for things like remote sensors, IoT, and other …

  1. David 132 Silver badge
    Happy

    "There is another model, called Barista [for] topics pertaining to espresso. "

    Oh my god, I just had a nightmare vision of a terrifyingly plausible near-future where some genius realizes it's cost-effective to embed this microcontroller in a certain common kitchen electrical appliance, and furthermore, gives it a specially-created small LLM - Toaster®, which to borrow the author's wording, "can answer questions at roughly twice the performance, but only on topics pertaining to toast and related bread products".

    For the record, and getting this in ahead of time: no, I don't want any smegging toast, baps, bagels, crumpets, teacakes... or waffles.

    1. Jimjam3 Bronze badge

      Re: "There is another model, called Barista [for] topics pertaining to espresso. "

      Ah a Hotcross bun then ;)

    2. JLV Silver badge

      Re: "There is another model, called Barista [for] topics pertaining to espresso. "

      This is an especially good idea if it can be combined with a subscription. So a toaster that needs internet access and an Epicurious account to make toast.

      But, excellent, influencer-recommended toast (“I’m obsessed about this toast!”) and can wax lyrical about the cultural significance of toast in their family (why an LLM might have a grandmother isn’t as important as “the experience”). With the VIP subscription, you can post daily vids of your toast to TikTok, avocados not included.

    3. just4this Bronze badge

      Re: "There is another model, called Barista [for] topics pertaining to espresso. "

      Though toasters a made for bread related products it is important to understand that does not include Bernard Matthews turkey burgers.

      Long story made short…

      I now have a nephew called Super Chef.

    4. werdsmith Silver badge

      Re: "There is another model, called Barista [for] topics pertaining to espresso. "

      Perhaps you should look at some of exhibits at CES 2026. Your future vision is in fact already here.

    5. Fr. Ted Crilly Silver badge

      Re: "There is another model, called Barista [for] topics pertaining to espresso. "

      With Genuine People Personality built right in...

      1. that one in the corner Silver badge

        Re: "There is another model, called Barista [for] topics pertaining to espresso. "

        I have this terrible pain in all the weights down my left side.

    6. ParlezVousFranglais Silver badge

      Re: "There is another model, called Barista [for] topics pertaining to espresso. "

      I feel a subsequent run on polo mallets and 14-pound lump hammers coming on...

    7. DJV Silver badge

      Re: "There is another model, called Barista [for] topics pertaining to espresso. "

      I wanted to upvote you but, as your upvote count was the rather appropriate 42, I resisted. I will come back later and click the upvote once someone else has spoiled the count.

    8. MrBill

      Re: "There is another model, called Barista [for] topics pertaining to espresso. "

      I think you're missing the point. With a small camera, the toaster could automatically detect what you've put in, and toast it to perfection! And then it could identify you by your voice print and learn how you like your toast. No need to mess with a complicated rheostat or mechnical timer to determine how long to toast your bagel...

  2. The Oncoming Scorn Silver badge
    Coat

    "For the record, and getting this in ahead of time: no, I don't want any smegging toast, baps, bagels, crumpets, teacakes... or waffles."

    How do you feel about Croissants?

    1. David 132 Silver badge
      Coat

      They're a Pain.

      1. xyz Silver badge

        Noooooooooooooo

    2. Fruit and Nutcase Silver badge
      Coat

      Wot no

      Baps or Crumpets?

  3. Vikingforties
    Coat

    Share and Enjoy

    I just looked up slvdev on LinkedIn.... He works for Sirius Cybernetics Corporation!

    1. Jamie Jones Silver badge

      Re: Share and Enjoy

      Really? You cannot be Sirius!

      1. The Oncoming Scorn Silver badge
        Go

        Re: Share and Enjoy

        Yes, he's Black there now.

        Yes I thought I'd throw in yet another geek franchise in on top of Red Dwarf & HHG.

  4. Dan 55 Silver badge

    I see your $10 microcontroller

    And I'll raise (or maybe lower) you a μLM on a CP/M machine (e.g. CPC, Spectrum +3).

    1. Doctor Syntax Silver badge

      Re: I see your $10 microcontroller

      I wonder .... I have a TRS80 somewhere in the garage.

  5. steelpillow Silver badge
    Coat

    SLIM

    Not really an AI LLM, more a SLIM - Small Language Idiot Model TM

    1. The Oncoming Scorn Silver badge
      Joke

      Re: SLIM

      Better known as the Trump.

  6. Wargasm

    the pie

    Found the raspberry pie ideliciously sarcastic in this context - sure it can be used to run ai if you bought it before ai.

    1. werdsmith Silver badge

      Re: the pie

      Many smaller models run very nicely on the Pis with larger RAM. With or without the AI HAT+ 2 with its HAILO 10H accelerator.

      And you can use them through the OpenUI interface.

      1. druck Silver badge
        Facepalm

        Re: the pie

        Whoosh!

  7. rg287 Silver badge

    While you may be able to get a small generative AI model running on a microcontroller like an ESP32, you won't get much from the practice beyond dumb simple pride.

    If you want a chatbot. But skinnied-down Language Models are also helpful for things like NLP processing in search and doing some very basic decision making/tool-calling. We’ve just been playing with Cactus Needle (26M parameters) to improve an internal search function which would benefit from a couple of smarts over and above the existing keyword search. Particularly because a minority of users are now asking it questions - they seemingly expect any old search box to be capable of hosting a conversation (urgh).

    Having a tiny model that is basically just an expensive bit of application code (no GPU, separate LLM server or external service!) which spits out some json that can be passed to deterministic functions can be very helpful. We’re not going to give users a chatbot in this scenario for a variety of reasons, but being able to fire a couple of different handlers for specific types of input and automagically direct them to different places in the platform is neat. Parsing some sort of input to an ESP32 and making some edge decisions on it is more niche, but potentially still useful.

    If you really need a chatbot for certain applications, a small tool-calling layer like this can triage input locally and handle simple queries before committing to burning tokens, which is basically the whole schtick for Cactus - “hybrid AI” doing more on-device and only falling back to hosted/cloud services when necessary.

    1. just4this Bronze badge

      "they seemingly expect any old search box to be capable of hosting a conversation (urgh).

      Here’s a solution that requires even less processing power than an ESP32 and does not need to fall back on cloud services.

      Put the text “THIS IS NOT A CHATBOT” above the search box.

      1. rg287 Silver badge

        Here’s a solution

        Yes, I KNOW. But you know what also isn't a chatbot? Semantic search.

        The boss is fully in the AI hole.

        Demoing Needle made him go "Huh, that's 99% of what we wanted", made him shut the fuck up about spending £££ on servers, vector databases or shoehorning a chatbot into the system. And get this... it's actually useful. It makes the user-experience better! Most search engines have had semantic search for donkey's years, but it was always a taller order for small teams on internal products. Small LMs like Needle or FunctionGemma are easy to train and add a level of user-friendliness to otherwise rigid keyword searches. Peak Google was when they brought in semantic search that would tolerate the odd typo or bit of NPL, but prior to them second-guessing what you wanted. This gives you something akin to that. And you can train it on a laptop and bundle it into an application on quite a modest server.

        Even with needle, If people try to chat to our model, it will only fire one of a handful of deterministic tools, or return nothing. It's single-shot, no chat possible. Same as pre-"AI" semantic-search Google.

        Whilst some users are trying to treat our search box like GPT, there are also legitimate halfway-house queries that aren't a specific product but mention manufacturer/range or list multiple products. These are not always easy to parse just on keywords. Allowing semantic searches that go "aha, this person has tried to enter three different model names, so we'll kick them to the comparison page and pre-select those models" rather than just shrugging and giving them nothing is neat. Whereas building a vector db and shoehorning a chatbot into it the way some people wanted to... would not have been.

        1. just4this Bronze badge

          I did not realise it was a public facing site you were discussing.

          That’s on me for making an assumption.

          Your solution now makes perfect sense. Anything reducing friction between browsing and buying is a win for you.

          And since I’ve little doubt your boss will bother, please allow me…..

          Sincere congrats on doing it cost effectively.

    2. BoHu
      Windows

      That Cactus Needle sounds quite cool. I mean, if you're not interested in generative stuff (making up some volubile 'literary' text outputs) then it makes sense you don't need the MLP FFNs that commonly make up 2/3 of 'model' parameters [ https://github.com/cactus-compute/needle/blob/main/docs/simple_attention_networks.md ]. Even vibed code and cyberattacks come from strapped-on agents rather than the genAI bits of mammoth LLMs (istm) so ...

      Keeping only the attention-subsystem-oriented syntax analysis (quey processing, 'prompt' decoding, NLP) looks promising for starting to remove some of the ponderous excess baggage currently stuffed-up in this most distending of techs, on the way to 0-token where feasible (eg. most everywhere).

      The TFA-linked Gemma 4-E2B-it piece already shows one can reduce full LLM size down to 1/5ᵗʰ of prior sweltering efforts (27B to 5B) with no reduction in 'performance', so taking out parts that rank from useless to just plain annoying should be perty much SOP ATM. Especially since all benchmark 'results' shown whenever a new 2x, 4x, 10x heftier model is introduced always end-up rather saturated, suggesting the improvement relative to smaller prior tools is actually evermore just plain minimal, iiuc (i.e. from saturated, to saturated, again, wtf).

      TL;DR such cactus needle might well puncture the AI bubble and put girdled procedural 'agents' (aka rather normal code) back in the forefront afaics. A sort of waste not, want not, counterpunch! ;)

  8. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    Image recognition

    I want something that will run on a low power micro to log traffic.

    I.e. powers up the micro when an IR beam is broken, micro takes a shot with a camera and 'AI' reads the number plate, then that is stored against a time and the micro powers down.

    I need to set a tiny device up at both ends of a road that lorries are not supposed to enter unless loading. A short time interval between the logging at each end signifies that they have just driven straight through. (We've demonstrated this in daytime with people logging the lorries, but the most disruptive (shaking the houses) are at night.)

    1. Paul Herber Silver badge

      Re: Image recognition

      Get the AI to determine the colour of the lorry, whether its a red lorry or a yellow lorry ...

      1. Anonymous Coward
        Anonymous Coward

        Re: Image recognition

        Many of them are white with no logo!

        Hence, I want to identify by number plate.

        1. Paul Herber Silver badge

          Re: Image recognition

          "white with no logo"

          You're no fun any more!

        2. David 132 Silver badge
          Happy

          Re: Image recognition

          Here in the States, there's a national haulage company called Swift that has acquired an unfortunate reputation for having inept/careless drivers.

          Hence the plethora of backronyms: "Sure Wish I'd Finished Training", "See What I Failed Today", "Swing Wide, It's a F*ing Truck"...

  9. ICL1900-G3 Silver badge

    Now I know I'm past it

    I've been in IT since 1970 (360/30, since you asked) but I hardly understood a word of that. It's very clever... I think?

  10. Doctor Syntax Silver badge

    orchestrate local agents for things like managing a user's calendar ... so long as you can put up with the occasional hallucination.

    "Your appointments for February 31st are ...."

    1. just4this Bronze badge

      "Your appointments for February 31st are ...."

      PHB.."stupid A.I, I'm already fully booked on that day"

  11. FIA Silver badge

    Can we have one that know about small metal fastenings? We can call it Stanley.

    "Ask me about pins..."

    1. rg287 Silver badge

      GNU Sir pTerry.

      1. David 132 Silver badge
        Thumb Up

        I have two goats on my property as I play-at-being-a-farmer... in homage to Sir Pterry, one is named Tolliver ("Tolliver Goat", geddit...) and his fellow goat is, of course, Stanley.

        They are amazing creatures, goats. I'm with Granny Weatherwax on that.

    2. lnLog

      that Stanley, such a pin head....

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