A Flyweight in a ring of Heavyweights
In semiconductors the UK is a flyweight that cannot, nay should not enter the ring of semiconductor heavy weights. Besides the UK's puny £billion does not buy entry into this industrial poker game, not that I have any confidence that it could play a good hand if it could afford entry. There is the temptation to say, we should just sit back with our £ billion in our pocket and watch the heavy-weight stalwarts US, Japan, EU, Taiwan, China, and Korea pummel each other to the ground and then opportunistically ride in to pick up bargain pieces with our £billion. Unfortunately, it doesn't work that way. The spoils go to the winners with little or no crumbs for either losers or nonparticipants.
Our minimal participation in this industry stems from choices made decades ago. Choices driven more by ideology than by commonsense. The UK was a richer country when Taiwan was taking its tentative steps in seeding a semiconductor industry. Make no mistake, this seeding was planted by the Taiwanese government because, in a small country, only the government can risk the amount of capital required. The East Asians have perfected the template for industrial creation, while the US and Europe continue to look at it as some arcane mysterious entrepreneurial process driven by some Superman Bill Gates or Elon Musk.
East Asian industrial policy understands that in an industrial sector's early development, it can't - or shouldn't compete with the US because it would require access to the US market for growth. So they adopt the strategy of the pilot fish to the US shark. A pilot fish seeks a symbiotic relationship with a bigger predator for its survival and presents itself to the shark as being useful in cleaning its teeth, ridding its skin of parasites, and even wiping its anal passage. The East Asians do this for the US until they find an opportunity to share the shark's meal, which they dress up in symbiotic terms.
This is what TSMC did, it presented an architecture of operation to the US where it would bear the cost, difficulty, and environmental consequence of chip fabrication allowing US companies to dispose of their foundries. This semiconductor fabless model was a TSMC idea, predicated of course on a non-compete model with its fabless customers.