back to article What's really up with data disconnects in the deep blue sea?

It was once just an annoyance, even a relief. Now it's paralyzing. "The internet's gone down" signals a halt to all actions, all plans, except the desperate search for reconnection. That's just if it's personal: the consequences for businesses can be much worse. As for entire islands, military alliances or global markets: barely …

  1. Lil Endian

    Control and Volatility

    I certainly hear what's being said in the article.

    ...if you act on what you know, you risk revealing all and losing control...

    And if you don't act on the intel, you have no control, just intel. Disinformation methods have been used over the years to hide the true source of the intelligence gathering apparatus. It's either disinformation, more proxy wars, or cards-on-the-table time and say "We have this system. We know what you've done, and we're acting on it.".

    If the damage caused to data pipes is declared an accident or denied entirely, then what? If the evidence to the contrary is not directly attributed to the apparatus collecting the intel, then it becomes disinformation and by extension "inadmissible in court".

    Since there are already observable, state-level, internationally criminal events on-going, without a direct multinational response, it seems unlikely that anything will ...remove a highly dangerous source of volatility... Well, trade sanctions are a direct response, I concede, but they're not of the same dimensions as the acts being perpetrated, they're perpendicular and bear no force as a result - it's disproportionate.

    I do not condone war. I do not want war, and this is a M.A.D. World. If sanctions fail, but you're not going to fight the bully, they must be convinced that you are, and that they can no longer profit from unacceptable behaviour. You cannot expect that if they forever call your bluff, and small steps in escalation are extremely dangerous.

    Disclaimer: I am not a nation state, and my decisions rarely affect the lives of millions of people.

    1. Anonymous Coward
      Anonymous Coward

      Re: Control and Volatility

      In this context it is interesting that the current (or a recent?) Director of GCHQ has said publicly that the place is having to open up; all those little secret offices which never talked to each other, never mind to Joe and Jane Public, are having to join hands with the PR and publicity dept. We also see this in the shooting bit of the Ukraine war, where the Western allies are more ready than they have been in the past to let everybody know what they are on top of.

      Keeping it under your hat is an old-guard instinct that may be useful for tactical reasons (e.g. to avoid a political mess), but is changing from being the rule to being the exception. Maintaining control is not so much about secrecy vs publicity, as about being more technologically advance and operationally smarter than the black hats. Hence the imperative for traditionally secretive organisations like GCHQ to open up a bit more. I mean, they've even commissioned and published an official history of themselves. That would have been unthinkable at the turn of the millennium.

      And all thanks to the the fact that you can't keep a secret on the very Interweb thingy we are coyly refusing to name-and-shame over.

      Seems to me that the Sino-Russian dictatorships are leveraging our fear of WWIII to push for whatever advantages they can scab out of it without actually tipping the world into it. Appeasement never works. You have to stand up, name and shame, and nip the creeping World Domination Plan in the bud. Otherwise, one day you will be next on their list.

      1. Peter2 Silver badge

        Re: Control and Volatility

        Maintaining control is not so much about secrecy vs publicity, as about being more technologically advance and operationally smarter than the black hats. Hence the imperative for traditionally secretive organisations like GCHQ to open up a bit more. I mean, they've even commissioned and published an official history of themselves. That would have been unthinkable at the turn of the millennium.

        A suspicious mind would point out that the official histories of MI5 & MI6 are essentially compendiums of things that were already in the public domain, or were suspected and theorised about at very great length. While they do contain some new (ancient and irrelevant) information there is precious little of it that wasn't available in various memoirs and books about WW1 and WW2 or available from the media coverage of well known scandals. (the Cambridge 5 etc)

        And all thanks to the the fact that you can't keep a secret on the very Interweb thingy we are coyly refusing to name-and-shame over.

        I would suggest that paradoxically, not being able to keep a secret makes it easier to keep a secret.

        We know "know" a lot of things these days. In the old days they said that "what you don't know can't hurt", whereas now it's "it's not what you know, it's what you know that ain't so". What do you know that ain't so? You don't know. ;)

    2. JWLong

      Re: Control and Volatility

      "Disclaimer: I am not a nation state"

      Yes you are, we just dont know it yet.

      1. Fr. Ted Crilly Silver badge

        Re: Control and Volatility

        He's not a nation state, he's a very naughty boy!

    3. gandalfcn Silver badge

      Re: Control and Volatility

      "Disinformation methods have been used over the years" including by those wishing to promote conspiracy theories, which is happening here.

      1. gandalfcn Silver badge

        Re: Control and Volatility

        Daar downvoters, these articles wilfully omit the basic facts of the situations whilst promoting a conspiracy.

        As I posted, which was downvoted "Yes, there is a potential threat from malicious actors, but wilfully and totally ignoring the real and present problem of admittedly aging, decrepit cables in need of renewal and other similar is QAnon fodder."

        1. gandalfcn Silver badge

          Re: Control and Volatility

          Daar downvoters, thanks for proving me correct.

  2. Flak
    Joke

    Shetland, where nothing ever happens

    The author has clearly never watched the BBC programme 'Shetland' - showing that a lot has been happening there at least since 2013!

    1. NoneSuch Silver badge
      Devil

      Nice undersea cable you have there squire. Be a shame if something happened to it...

      "Back then, the US deployed a huge undersea acoustic monitoring system called SOSUS to track Soviet submarines."

      It also deployed SSN subs (specifically the USS Jimmy Carter) with dive teams to tap into Soviet (they only admitted to Soviet) cables for intelligence. We all know how the NSA restrains themselves when they have toys to play with.

      Meanwhile 'someone' blew up key undersea gas pipelines going from Russia to Germany.

  3. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    Excellent opinion piece

    It had to be said, that was a good article.

    That's all.

    1. Apprentice Human

      Re: Excellent opinion piece

      If you've followed politics or intelligence information: blatantly obvious. Plausible deniability can only be used a few times before it's implausible.

      But, as you say, an excellent and succinct item.

    2. gandalfcn Silver badge

      Re: Excellent opinion piece

      "a good article"? One which totally omitted the facts.

      1. Intractable Potsherd

        Re: Excellent opinion piece

        Which facts are those?

        1. DoctorPaul

          Re: Excellent opinion piece

          I think it's more a case of whose facts, so many alternate truths out there these days. /s

      2. Down not across

        Re: Excellent opinion piece

        Usually when I read article tagged OPINION, I take that to mean it is authors opinion and not necessarily something that would be totally (or even at all) factual and is more 'food for thought' type piece.

  4. deive

    "Whatever it is, you can't get away with it if the world is watching you do it."

    Nord Stream 2?

    1. elsergiovolador Silver badge

      That was a special operation of freeing Germany from energy dependency...

      1. Anonymous Coward
        Anonymous Coward

        Nord stream 2 was never operational. Trust the Americans to blow up the wrong pipe!

        1. matjaggard

          I want to up vote AND down vote this comment!

  5. VoiceOfTruth

    The USA and the UK

    Have also done their fair share of cable cutting. The Red Sea incident...

  6. Persona Silver badge

    What have we learned since 1851?

    We've had undersea data cables since 1851, plenty of time to work out how to make them less prone to accidental snappage.

    Yet we have some 60 ships in the world that make their living by repairing submarine cables. Why? Because the economics suggest it is cheaper to be good at fixing them than to pay for that extra protection in the first place.

    1. Binraider Silver badge

      Re: What have we learned since 1851?

      A ships anchor needs to be able to hold a 100,000 ton ships in place against the weather. No practical quantity of armour can protect against this. Pipelines have been torn up on countless occasions by the same mechanism.

      Redundancies, multiple cables, etc. are generally better options, albeit expensive. And if your route-to-shore happens to be where the ship tears stuff up, you can easily lose a whole bunch of redundancies.

      In the power sector, rather than data, water ingress into the interior of the cable can also be death the the cable; or at least long sections of it. "Getting good" at fixing them is at the mercy of the weather and WILL be very expensive no matter how good you are at it.

      To say nothing of the system downtime issues/costs.

      1. Persona Silver badge

        Re: What have we learned since 1851?

        No practical quantity of armour can protect against this

        That is exactly the economic argument where it's cheaper to fix than prevent. The quantity of armour needed is hugely impractical and costly.

      2. Jellied Eel Silver badge

        Re: What have we learned since 1851?

        In the power sector, rather than data, water ingress into the interior of the cable can also be death the the cable;

        Same can be true for data cables given the power required to operate the electronics/photonics in the torpedoes along the cable. It's one of those interesting engineering challenges where a very expensive cable often only has <10 individual optical fibres vs terrestrial that are commonly 144 or 288f(ibres). Reason being more fibres means more regen/repeater electronics for each fibre, which ups the torpedo size, weight, and power requirements. As can increasing span length between torpedoes.

        But something like a 50V DC transatlantic fibre cable will be around 6-7000km, with power fed into it from both ends. Which means.. quite a lot of amps. Less than an equivalent pure power cable, but still not great.

  7. tip pc Silver badge

    I thought who did Nord Stream was settled?

    The trouble is secrecy's oldest Achilles' heel – if you act on what you know, you risk revealing all and losing control. Take the extraordinary quadruple breach of the Nord Stream under-Baltic gas pipeline at the end of 2022. It is frankly inconceivable that nobody knows who committed such vandalism on that scale of such a key, highly politicized infrastructure in one of the great flashpoints of NATO-Russia friction.

    https://youtu.be/OS4O8rGRLf8

    If Russia invades, that means tanks or troops crossing the border of Ukraine again, then there will be no longer a Nord Stream 2. We will bring an end to it.

    the pipe and inside it

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3V2JQ0X3x4

    Did the US deny doing this or enacting on its proclamation?

    1. Stork

      Re: I thought who did Nord Stream was settled?

      Perhaps a minor detail, but it was Nordstream 1, the operational one, and not Nord Stream 2 that was blown up.

      You can make motives for plenty of actors (more or less anyone but Germany) to be behind this.

      1. Frank Bitterlich

        Re: I thought who did Nord Stream was settled?

        Actually, both. Though Nord Stream 2 had only one of two pipes destroyed. The other one is supposedly in operating condition (technically).

    2. trindflo Silver badge
      Black Helicopters

      Re: I thought who did Nord Stream was settled?

      Specifically to answer your question: yes the US vigorously denied the (single source) Seymour Hersh report claiming details of a US operation to blow up the pipeline.

      You cited interesting circumstantial evidence. It is also true that Russia has reduced oil output and that was declared by Russia to be a sanction against the West.

      Multiple entities had motivation and opportunity to sabotage the pipeline. I'm not convinced it was the US; I'm not convinced it wasn't the US.

  8. Missing Semicolon Silver badge

    Global World Police

    And the Global World Nanny:

    "A proper international civil liability agreement fit for the 21st century will also sharpen minds and focus resources."

    The entire point is that when cables are "accidentally" damaged, the damagers and damagees rarely have some kind of reciprocal agreement in place. There is no such thing as a global agreement, only a network of mutual ones.

  9. Norman Nescio

    Anyone who works in the industry has known since 1851 just how vulnerable submarine cables are. While the article points out they are vulnerable, it doesn't give any sensible solutions, except some kind of 'monitoring', and having redundancy.

    Well, doh!

    One of the first things the British did at the start of the First World War was cut German telegraph cables. These days, it is absurdly easy - drop a mine that can be directed to a particular spot, and set it to explode on remote activation. Such things can be launched by submarines or surface vessels miles away from the target, years before they are needed. I fully expect all submarine cables to become inoperable hours after a hot war between superpowers starts.

    Dragging anchors happen depressingly frequently. Ships will leave anchors behind rather than facing liability, and it is easy to say 'Not my anchor, guv - mine was lost at sea somewhere else. Yes, I was in the vicinity, but it can't have been me.'.

    Where there is a significant risk of anchor-dragging, trawling or other activity likely to disturb the cable, cables are buried. There's a whole industry providing the equipment (ploughs) for burying submarine cables

    SMD engineered the world’s first subsea plough, and we have been developing and improving our range ever since. Our towed systems are designed to bury subsea telecommunication and power cables up to 350mm diameter and pipelines up to 1500mm diameter.

    The above linked ploughs can bury cables up to 3 metres below the sea floor. But you don't do it everywhere (you can't - in fact there's a whole industry mapping potential cable routes), so you are always going to have vulnerable non-armoured cable 'just lying about' for some stretches. Also, if you look at the size of anchors on large ships, 3 metres is not that deep. Shrug.

    Redundancy is good. It's probably the best thing you can do - remembering that there are usually a limited number of good, economic routes for cables to take - but redundancy will not save you from a deliberately malicious operator/enemy wanting to cut off your submarine communications. It's just too easy, and pretty easy to do in a difficult to attribute manner.

    It's yet another reason why having data-centres a continent away from your business is a risk. It is just too easy for those kilometres of glass fibre roughly the same thickness as a human hair to be cut, somewhere.

    TeleGeography submarine cable FAQ

    1. Jellied Eel Silver badge

      Redundancy is good. It's probably the best thing you can do - remembering that there are usually a limited number of good, economic routes for cables to take - but redundancy will not save you from a deliberately malicious operator/enemy wanting to cut off your submarine communications. It's just too easy, and pretty easy to do in a difficult to attribute manner.

      Competition for cable and pipeline routes is also creating additional complexity, much as it has for buried utilities in popular cities. So as the number of fibre, power, pipelines increases, it's getting harder to avoid cables crossing over. When they do, it then gets a lot harder to <yoink> a damaged cable to the surface to restore it, if there's heavy/expensive/delicate cables laying across them. Especially as this tends to happen in-shore, where the risks of cable damage are also much higher.

  10. trindflo Silver badge

    open monitoring of the cables is not going to happen

    Governments will not want open monitoring of the cables. They want plausible deniability if they sabotage the cables, and the ability to pretend they don't know who the guilty party is if they are not interested in going to war with the saboteurs.

    Loved the article. I think the proposed solution is a non-starter.

    1. Jellied Eel Silver badge

      Re: open monitoring of the cables is not going to happen

      Governments will not want open monitoring of the cables. They want plausible deniability if they sabotage the cables, and the ability to pretend they don't know who the guilty party is if they are not interested in going to war with the saboteurs

      I think governments do, and don't. So they do want monitoring because they, or their economies depend on the infrastructure. Although governments often do, or try to design resiliency and redundancy into their own networks. Governments also have most of the technology and legislative clout to monitor cables. So for example the amount of maritime surveillance around a sensitive area like the Baltics, where Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark etc all watch air and sea traffic very closely.

      Yet nobody seems to know how the most destructive and expensive act of sabotage in human history happened.

      If governments can't detect and identify saboteurs attaching large lumps of explosive to valuable and vulnerable gas pipes, what chance does it have of identifying 'innocent' small vessels dragging anchors over vulnerable power or data cables. NATO apparently discovered and recovered two undetonated charges, yet still has no idea who attacked Germany's criticial national infrastructure.

      (Ok, they know exactly who did it, how, and why. It's just the answer is a bit awkward)

      In reality, it's possible for private businesses to get an idea of which vessels might have been responsible for cable damage by identifying the cut location(s), when they occured and what vessels were in the area. That may mean looking at maritime surveillance data, if available, or relying on AIS data. Problem with that is ships can easily turn off their AIS, and quite often do because they don't always want to be tracked. Or if you're a government, you may have submarines etc. The reality is also that you don't have to be a state actor to destroy or damage this kind of infrastructure, which expands the threat landscape to include environmental terrorists or any nutjob with a boat, a grudge and a bit of a clue.

  11. gandalfcn Silver badge

    Seems QAnon is still alive and well at Vulture Central. Problems with underseas cables have always been a problem, it is why there are so many cable repair ships.

    The government, the World Bank and all neutral parties stared peior tio the incidents referred to

    "Vietnam's undersea cable system is old, decrepit, in need of renewal."

    Vietnam's submarine fiber optic cables break about 10 times a year"

    "According to the August 2021 report of the World Bank, when compared with 12 countries with similar conditions, Vietnam's Internet connection belongs to the group that needs to improve quality and speed if it wants to succeed in the digital economy."

    "The SMW3 cable is outdated and going to be decommissioned, "

    Why is it that the MTG of El Reg does not point out. nay, highlight these rather salient facts?

    I was asked "I have no idea why you dragged QAnon and MTG into this". The answer is very simple, See above

    1. gandalfcn Silver badge

      Seems there is a downvoter who is averse to facts and reality, i.e. a conspiracy theorist.

      1. Jellied Eel Silver badge

        Seems there is a downvoter who is averse to facts and reality, i.e. a conspiracy theorist.

        There are a lot of those about. It's much easier for people to stab their thumbs at the screen than it is to try to argue their point. Especially a lot of previous 'conspiracy theories' are turning out to be correct theories, 'fake news' is real news.

        Then people wonder why there's growing distrust in both media and politics. Suggesting the 'vid came from a lab in China used to get you banned from 'reliable sources', now the US DoE (of all places) is floating the idea that it was correct.

        But there's some ability to think about the probabilities. Or think like an actuary, because one of the things they do is to pore over data and look for outliers to do stuff like fraud detection and prevention. It's actually a well established science.

        Back in the good'ol days, the UK pretty much had 1 cable operator. Good'ol Cable & Wireless. It had the monopoly and went around the world laying cables, bringing pretty much all of them back to a sleepy lil village in Cornwalll called Porthcurno, where there's an excellent museum that's well worth visiting. Most countries worked the same way, with a single operator being responsible for international or domestic infrastructure, or both. Because running damp string under oceans was/is stonkingly expensive, nations even co-operated on cable construction and formed consortia to design/build and operate those systems, eg (in)famous cables like Se-Me-We etc. It was a relatively small club, with common interests delivering telegrams and voice calls to a small number of landing stations like Porthcurno. The approach routes were easily marked on Admiralty charts, and Cornish fishermen knew not to drag trawl or drag anchors in those marked areas.

        Then came telecomms de-regulation, the Internet, offshore power, offshore cross-bunkering of PoL and a massive increase in both shipping, the number of cables, pipes, landing stations.. And unsuprisingly, outages. To an extent, they're predictable and designs can mitigate against the risks. So plan a route that goes deep as fast as possible, avoids busy shipping/fishing areas and add additional protection like burial or matting where risks are higher. Some of those can be harder to avoid, like risks of tsunamis or quakes damaging cables though.

        But it means we end up with congested areas where there's a lot of activity, a lot of cables and the probability of an outage is greatly increased. A fairly classic example is around the Suez canal where multiple cables converge in a small area to run along the sides of the canal. Any time the canal is blocked, or major ports go on strike, shipping traffic builds up around the canal zone, they drop anchor and cables get cut. There are some international cables that land in East Anglia. The government, in it's infinite wisdom decided to allow oil tankers to cross-ship cargo just offshore of the landing station there. Unsuprisingly, cables get cut.

        So then it's figuring out if damage is unexpected, and possibly intentional, or accidental or negligent. This is also where politics comes in to play again, with potentially dire consequences. We don't seem to care who blew up NordStream, or at least care to tell the electorate who's responsible for our record inflation. Deliberate sabotage, or even 'accidents' gets press attention though. Increased press atttention may make assorted nutjobs start thinking 'Hey, we could do this and get on TV!'. I'm curious if we're seeing this effect now. There does seem to be an unusual increase in fires, vandalism, derailments etc against facilities like food and energy production across the US and Europe. Those may be coincidental, those may be enemy action, or they may be the assorted nutjobs realising a lot of this stuff is actually pretty vulnerable. I'm pretty sure TPTB are keeping a close eye on these incidents though.

        1. Norman Nescio

          Porthcurno is now Widemouth Bay/Bude

          The Museum of Global Communications at Porthcurno is worth a visit, if you like techie telegraph and submarine cable stuff. For added culture, take in the Minack Theatre.

          These days, the semi-equivalent for landing lotsa cables is Widemouth Bay, near Bude.

          The bottleneck through Suez is well known. I well remember when all but one* cable was cut (a long time ago, when SEA-ME-WE 3 was still relevant) by a dragging anchor in the Mediterranean. Some of my reroutes went the other way around the planet.

          *This might be an overstatement. Certainly, enough separate cable systems were cut to cause significant problems.

          1. Jellied Eel Silver badge

            Re: Porthcurno is now Widemouth Bay/Bude

            The bottleneck through Suez is well known. I well remember when all but one* cable was cut (a long time ago, when SEA-ME-WE 3 was still relevant) by a dragging anchor in the Mediterranean. Some of my reroutes went the other way around the planet.

            Yep. One of my most memorable was a time Etna erupted on Sicily and the main flow was heading right for the SEA-ME-WE landing station. Luckily the flow was slower moving than the Italian civil defence services who were busily bulldozing a diversion route to guide the flow away from the building and cables. There's another landing station on the other side of the island, so got interesting creating restoration plans to switch capacity onto other systems in the event that SEA-ME-WE became SEE-ME-SMOKE.

            All part of the fun working on international infrastructure, and finding.. strange reasons for RFOs, and near-misses. I once spent some time with a company that did oceanographic surveys for cable route planning and they showed me some of their sonar and drone shots where they discovered things like WW2 dumping spots. Oceans, being oceans have currents, and currents can move things from where they should be, to where they probably shouldn't.

  12. gandalfcn Silver badge

    "We've had undersea data cables since 1851, plenty of time to work out how to make them less prone to accidental snappage. Careless fishermen aren't exactly a novel phenomenon either. Why is it so hard to fathom what's going on?

    We have also had all manner of mechanical things, shore based cables and pretty well everything else for as long the they all regularly fail, so why do they still fail? Ships sink all the time, just lioke cables fail. Whyh? Simple. Nothing is perfect, amd when things are in a hortile ever changing environment they tend to have more problems. Also, it isn l;t justr fishing boats, there are rather a lot of big ships out there as well. And earthquakes.

    "Faeroese Telecom's head of infrastructure, Páll Vesturbú, said the damage to the mainland link, which happened just after midnight on Thursday, had affected the fibres in the cable, but "they were not cut off".

    "We have reason to believe that the cable was damaged by a fishing vessel," he said.

    "There was also an incident last week, and we also believe that this was caused by a fishing vessel."

    "Two international undersea optical cables, IA and APG, had problems

    Vietnam Television

    January 11, 2021"

    "undersea data cables" What a seriously pseud term. Get over yourself.

    Yes, there is a potential threat from malicious actors, but wilfully and totally ignoring the real and present problem of admittedly aging, decrepit cables in need of renewal and other similar is QAnon fodder.

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