Yes, there are concepts for that...
... but no, they don't really work against malware.
Essentially the idea is that you could fingerprint certain traffic patterns, just like you can fingerprint the HTTP-requests going out from visiting a website. That way you can, for example, determine what Google-Maps place people are looking at....
However we are talking about malware here. The attacker will just get one of those systems and tweak their malware until it won't get detected anymore. Or they will randomize and adapt their traffic so much, there is no way to differentiate it from normal web traffic.
So as with many such ideas, it's great for any oppressive government, but rather useless for security.