back to article Scientists capture death star in violent explosion

Astroboffins have confirmed for the first time that Wolf-Rayet supermassive stars can die in a violent explosion known as a Type IIb supernova, using a global rapid response protocol to capture the moment. Wolf-Rayet star explodes in a Type IIb supernova The life and death of stars is an endlessly fascinating subject for …

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  1. Uffish
    Pint

    Boffins

    "We are gradually determining which kinds of stars explode, and why, and what kinds of elements they produce," I can't think of any 'practical' use for the research but for some reason I am delighted to hear of their fantastic boffinery.

    Maybe a mug of Horlicks is what they crave after their all-nighters but a beer is what they get from me.

    1. Flocke Kroes Silver badge

      Practical Supernova

      Betelgeuse will go bang any time in the next million years. About 620 years later, neutrino detectors will warn us something is going on. For about a month, Betelgeuse will be as bright as the full moon. 100,000 years later, 21ˢᵗ century space ships will be grounded because of the high proton radiation.

      IK Pegasi is only 150 light years away, but by the time it goes bang it will be too far away to cause fear an panic on Earth.

      For a 'practical' supernova, we are looking for a star within 30 light years when it goes bang. There could be some we haven't noticed yet, but you might have to wait anything up to 250 million years for supernova research to be practical for Earthlings. Humans would only be affected if someone makes a few to inhabit the future equivalent of Jurassic Park.

  2. Michael H.F. Wilkinson Silver badge
    Pint

    First-rate boffinry!

    Really interesting stuff.

  3. Loyal Commenter Silver badge
    Boffin

    That is possibly the most inaccurate description of how gravitational collapse works I have read.

    Firstly, not only Wolf-Rayet stars fuse heavier elements; all stars do it as they approach the end of their lives.

    This has nothing to do with "wielding more gravity" but is a consequence of the energy output from hydrogen fusion no longer being sufficient to overcome the gravitation attraction of the matter in the star, at which point, it can contract sufficiently for helium fusion to begin, until the helium is all gone, etc., all the way up to iron. Once you get to iron, nuclear fusion no longer releases more energy than it takes, and fusion stops. Gravitational attraction takes over.

    Therefore, stars end their lives in one of two ways; they do not have enough mass to continue fusion of heavier elements, and they essentially 'go out', or they collapse in on themselves and explode in a supernova.

    Secondly, The Pauli Exclusion Principle applies not only to electrons but to all particles. This is, however, a moot point, as this paragraph appears to be describing how black holes form (which may or may not happen in a supernova), not the mechanism by which supernovae occur, which is essentially a collapse and rebound, with a not insignificant part played by the shock-wave generated, which is thought to be the mechanism responsible for the nucleosynthesis of all elements heavier than iron.

    1. Steve the Cynic

      "Secondly, The Pauli Exclusion Principle applies not only to electrons but to all particles."

      All *fermions*. Bosons operate under different rules, and in particular are not subject to the PEP.

      1. Loyal Commenter Silver badge

        wrist slap accepted; I couldn't be bothered to google it (lazy me), I was referring to 'particles' in the sense of electrons, protons, neutrons, etc., rather than things like photons, which in the strict sense are particles too and to which it obviously does not apply. I should learn to be clearer...

    2. Bunbury

      Collapse and Rebound?

      I had thought that the collapse part was widely accepted as the force counteracting gravity rapidly drops off. But I had thought that the 'rebound' part was one of several theories, and had become unfashionable. Surely for most of the outer layers of a star to go from being part of the star to going outward at a rate of knots would need energy added. Even a perfect bounce only gets you back to where you started.

      1. Paul Hovnanian Silver badge
        Mushroom

        Re: Collapse and Rebound?

        The energy added comes from further nuclear reactions triggered by the collapse compression. Analogous to how an implosion type fission bomb works. And also where elements heavier than iron are formed.

    3. Pascal Monett Silver badge

      Re: stars end their lives in one of two ways [..] they go out, or they go supernova

      Um, seems to me that there is a "Nova" between "go out" and "Supernova".

  4. TelcoPhil

    Not seen in real time!

    No one can see it happen in real time.

    It has already happened in past time, the light from it is just now reaching us.

    1. Destroy All Monsters Silver badge

      Re: Not seen in real time!

      You have to realize the awful truth that there is no past time...

      1. Mpeler
        Coat

        Re: Not seen in real time!

        For historians and astronomers, past time is much more than just a pastime...

        And a good way to pass time....

        (all we do, only for a moment and the moment's gone...dust in the wind..)

      2. Paul Hovnanian Silver badge

        Re: Not seen in real time!

        Time is an illusion.

        Lunchtime doubly so.

        - D. Adams

    2. Mpeler
      Mushroom

      Re: Not seen in real time!

      I don't think I'd want to see it in real time.....

      "Too late to worry if you've left the gas on...."

      "I was just going to say th...."

      BOOM......

    3. Schultz

      Not seen in real time?

      But Schrödingers cat could tell you that it didn't happen until you saw it. Add spacetime continuum, event horizon, etc. and you'll get the picture.

  5. The last doughnut
    Mushroom

    That is tremendous

  6. Fizzle
    Childcatcher

    Someone think of the children...and others

    I wish "boffins" would spend less time thinking about how stars end their lives and more time on calculating how many "people" on planets affected by the supernova die.

    We really ought to get some sort of Relief Aid going and help those poor folks.

    1. stucs201

      Re: calculating how many "people" on planets affected by the supernova die

      If you're talking about those orbiting the star that went bang then I have your answer : All of them.

      Now can we go back to watching the fireworks please?

      1. Anonymous Coward
        Anonymous Coward

        Re: calculating how many "people" on planets affected by the supernova die

        Plenty of other systems will be written off as well. As they say, "there goes the neighborhood."

    2. Paul Hovnanian Silver badge

      Re: Someone think of the children...and others

      I think this was addressed in "The Star" by Arthur C. Clarke

  7. Palebushman

    Splendid!!

    Now we can watch, in real-time, other planets that have discovered 'Nuclear Energy', blowing themselves to pieces. Wonder if other planets will see this happening to Earth any time soon?

    1. Anonymous Coward
      Anonymous Coward

      Re: Splendid!!

      And somewhere out there in the stars

      A keen-eyed look-out

      Spied a flickering light

      Our last hurrah

      And when they found our shadows

      Groups 'round the TV sets

      They ran down every lead

      They repeated every test

      They checked out all the data in their lists

      And then the alien anthropologists

      Admitted they were still perplexed

      But on eliminating every other reason

      For our sad demise

      They logged the only explanation left

      This species has amused itself to death

      No tears to cry

      No feelings left

      This species has amused itself to death

      1. madgabz

        Re: Splendid!!

        Good ole Roger W.... :)

  8. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    Re. Splendid!!

    Arthur C Clarke ($Deity rest his soul) commented that "Supernovae are industrial accidents".

    In some cases this may be possible, but only if the star was already on the edge of the "Chandraseker limit" ie about to collapse anyway.

    It appears that this puts an upper limit on energy usage of hypothetical Type 2 civilizations as it would appear harnessing energy directly from a star is either not possible or very very hard.

    Corollary to this, it is theoretically possible to move a gigantic solar array near an about-to-nova star to act as a trans galactic beacon which sends a pulse flash via coherent neutrinos to the nearby systems.

    (scientific paper pending)

  9. Chas
    Mushroom

    Pfftt. 'TIs but a mere firecracker compared to a pair instability supernova. These puppies really put on a good show.

    I'll be the one orbiting R136a1 with a bowl of popcorn and Factor 20,000,000,000,000 sunblock.

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