Numerical identifiers are used in europe too...
for example in hungary every person has a numerical id, that contains their gender, their birthday, some other info and a unique serial number that comes from the order of data entry into the main citizen registry database. There are special id tags for peoples addimtted into the system later in their lifes, so foregin people could be recoginesed by the authorities based on their numerical id. This system was used for everyday identification in the past, but now not all official documents carry this id (it's only in the address section of the id cards), but the main database can still connect the tax records, the social security payments, the registered voters database, the bank records and most commercial subscriber databases to each other because every database have to use the numerical id, because that's the only thing that is globally unique for every citizen.
For the chinese, it would be a better idea to use two given names, so people could be identified more easily. This would result in names containing three parts, but it's much easier to implement than composite surnames.